Batteries are electrochemical devices that convert chemical energy into electrical energy and are important for a wide range of devices, from remote controls for household appliances to industrial systems such as electric vehicles. Batteries are categorized as primary (non-rechargeable) or secondary (rechargeable) based on their chemical composition and design.
What Are Regular Batteries?
Regular batteries, often referred to as conventional batteries, encompass a variety of battery types suited to specific applications, including alkaline, lead-acid, carbon-zinc, nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd), and nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) batteries.
- Alkaline Batteries: These primary batteries use zinc and manganese dioxide electrodes with an alkaline electrolyte (potassium hydroxide). Typically costing $0.5-$2 per unit, they power household devices like remote controls, flashlights, and toys due to their affordability and availability. However, their performance degrades in extreme temperatures, such as below 32°F (0°C).
- Lead-Acid Batteries: These secondary batteries feature lead dioxide and sponge lead electrodes in a sulfuric acid electrolyte. They deliver high cold cranking amps (CCA), making them ideal for automotive starters, small-scale uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), and backup power systems.
- Carbon-Zinc Batteries: These primary batteries, also known as zinc-carbon batteries, use zinc as the anode and manganese dioxide as the cathode with a zinc chloride electrolyte. They are less expensive than alkaline batteries (typically $0.3-$1 per unit) and are used in low-power drain devices like clocks, smoke alarms, and basic toys, though they offer lower capacity and shorter shelf life compared to alkaline batteries.
- Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cd) Batteries: These rechargeable batteries use nickel oxide hydroxide and cadmium electrodes with a potassium hydroxide electrolyte. Known for their durability and ability to handle high discharge rates, Ni-Cd batteries are used in power tools, cordless phones, and emergency lighting. However, their use has declined due to cadmium's environmental toxicity and the memory effect, which reduces capacity if not fully discharged before recharging.
- Nickel-Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) Batteries: These rechargeable batteries use a nickel oxide hydroxide cathode and a hydrogen-absorbing alloy anode. Offering higher capacity than Ni-Cd, such as 2,000-3,000mAh for AA size, they are used in household devices like digital cameras and hybrid vehicles. Ni-MH batteries are more environmentally friendly than Ni-Cd but have a higher discharge rate (3-5% per month) and shorter cycle lifes (500-1,000 cycles).
Although ordinary traditional lead-acid batteries are still used by most people due to their mature battery technology and affordable prices, due to some characteristics of ordinary batteries such as high maintenance costs and short lifespan, and with the continuous advancement of lithium-ion battery technology and the popularization of its use, the use of ordinary batteries in some specific applications, such as RVs, golf carts or home solar energy systems, has gradually been replaced by lithium batteries.
What Are Lithium Batteries？
Lithium batteries encompass various types, including lithium-ion and lithium-polymer batteries. Their high performance, lightweight design, and extended lifespan make them an integral part of modern battery technology across a wide range of applications.
- Lithium-Ion Batteries: These rechargeable batteries use lithium compounds such as lithium cobalt oxide, lithium iron phosphate, or nickel cobalt manganese (NCM)/nickel cobalt aluminum (NCA) as the positive electrode and carbon as the negative electrode. They have high energy density and can power electronic devices such as smartphones and laptops, electric vehicles, and renewable energy storage systems.
- Lithium-Polymer Batteries: Similar to lithium-ion, these use a polymer electrolyte for a flexible form factor, ideal for compact, lightweight applications like drones and wearable technology.
Lithium batteries can also be subdivided based on their shape and chemical composition, this information can help you choose the most appropriate battery type for your specific needs.
According to shape, it can be divided into：
- Cylindrical batteries: Examples include the 18650 (18 mm diameter, 65 mm length), 2,000-3,500 mAh, and 21700 (4,000-5,000 mAh). These batteries utilize a robust tubular design. Due to their high energy density and standardized manufacturing, their cylindrical shape allows for efficient heat dissipation and is widely used in electric vehicles, power tools, and laptops.
- Prismatic batteries: Prismatic batteries are rectangular in shape. With capacities ranging from 20 Ah to over 200 Ah, they are suitable for applications requiring scalable power solutions, such as energy storage units and large-scale systems like electric vehicle battery packs, maximizing space efficiency.
- Pouch batteries: These batteries utilize a flexible, lightweight pouch rather than a rigid casing. Typically made of lithium polymer, they offer high energy density and can be customized to fit smartphones, wearables, and household devices like drones. However, they require careful handling to prevent damage.
According to Chemistry, it can be divided into：
- Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO): LCO batteries are known for their high energy density of approximately 200 Wh/kg. However, their cycle life is typically limited to 500-1,000 cycles, and their thermal stability is low, requiring robust safety systems. They are commonly used in electronic devices such as smartphones and cameras.
- Lithium iron phosphate (LFP): LFP batteries have an energy density of approximately 150 Wh/kg, offer good safety, and a long cycle life of 2,000-4,000 cycles. Their thermal stability makes them less susceptible to thermal runaway, making them commonly used in electric vehicles and renewable energy storage.
- Nickel cobalt manganese (NCM) and nickel cobalt aluminum (NCA): These chemistries offer approximately 180 Wh/kg and a cycle life of 1,000-2,000 cycles, making them suitable for electric vehicles and power tools. However, they require careful management to ensure safety.
What Are The Differences Between Lithium Batteries And Ordinary Batteries？
Both commonly used batteries have their own advantages and disadvantages. Understanding their key differences can help you better choose the best battery for your needs.
Chemical Composition
The difference in the electrochemical reaction mechanisms of the two directly determines the performance of the two types of batteries. The electrode materials of lithium batteries usually use composite oxides such as lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂), lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO₂), and lithium manganese oxide (LiMn₂O₄) as the positive electrode, and graphite or silicon-based materials as the negative electrode. This design allows lithium ions to reversibly embed and extract from the crystal structure of the electrode material during the charging and discharging process, and the conversion efficiency between electrical energy and chemical energy is higher. However, the active substances in ordinary batteries, such as zinc and lead, often undergo phase change or dissolution and deposition during the reaction process, which not only has low efficiency, but also causes the electrode structure to gradually deteriorate.
Voltage and Power Output
Lithium batteries provide higher voltage per cell (3.2V for LFP) compared to alkaline (1.5V) or lead-acid (2V per cell). They maintain a stable voltage throughout their discharge rate, unlike alkaline batteries, which show a gradual voltage drop, ensuring consistent performance in high performance devices like medical equipment or electric vehicles. The output voltage of the lithium battery pack can also be expanded to 48V or 72V lithium battery packs through series and parallel connection, which is different from the fixed output voltage of ordinary batteries.
High Energy Density and High Power Output
Energy density is a key metric for battery performance and directly determines the lifespan of a device on a single charge. Lithium-ion batteries offer significant advantages in this regard. Their energy density (energy stored per unit weight) typically reaches 100-265Wh/kg, compared to only 30-50Wh/kg for standard alkaline and lead-acid batteries. This means that for the same weight, lithium-ion batteries can store 3-5 times more energy than standard batteries. Furthermore, lithium-ion batteries boast an energy conversion efficiency exceeding 95%, compared to only 70-85% for standard lead-acid batteries. This high efficiency translates to less energy waste and lower heat generation, which is particularly advantageous during rapid charging and high-current discharge.
Lifespan and Durability
Battery life is always a key concern for consumers, and in this respect, lithium-ion batteries differ fundamentally from conventional batteries. Cycle life refers to the number of charge and discharge cycles a battery can complete before its capacity drops to 80% of its rated value. Lithium-ion batteries typically reach 2,000-4,000 cycles, while lead-acid batteries only offer 300-500 cycles. Alkaline batteries are generally non-rechargeable, and even those that are rechargeable can only be used approximately 300 times. This durability makes lithium-ion batteries more cost-effective in the long term. Furthermore, lithium-ion batteries have a lower discharge rate of only 1-3% per month, compared to 5-10% for alkaline batteries and 3-5% for lead-acid batteries, extending battery life. Furthermore, the stable voltage output of lithium-ion batteries throughout the discharge process helps extend the use of high-performance devices.
Initial Budget and Long-Term Costs
In terms of initial cost, lithium batteries are significantly higher than standard batteries. For a storage system of the same capacity, lithium batteries are two to three times more expensive than lead-acid batteries, and even more expensive than alkaline batteries. For example, a typical 12V 100Ah energy storage battery pack costs approximately $500-1,000 USD, while a comparable lead-acid battery costs approximately $150-300 USD. This price difference is primarily due to material costs (metals like lithium and cobalt are relatively expensive) and production processes (lithium batteries require cleanrooms and sophisticated control systems). In the long run, lithium batteries require no regular maintenance or watering, and their cycle life of up to 2,000-4,000 cycles reduces replacement and maintenance costs, making them more cost-effective over time.
You can also compare the information in the following table to help you more intuitively and clearly understand the differences in key parameters between ordinary batteries and lithium batteries:
| Feature | Lithium Batteries | Regular Batteries (Alkaline/Lead-Acid) |
|---|---|---|
| Energy Density | High (150-250 Wh/kg) | Moderate (80-120 Wh/kg for alkaline, 30-50 Wh/kg for lead-acid) |
| Cycle Life | 2,000-4,000 cycles | 300-500 cycles (lead-acid) |
| Self-Discharge Rate | 1-3% per month | 5-10% (alkaline), 3-5% (lead-acid) |
| Weight | Lightweight | Heavier (especially lead-acid) |
| Environmental Impact | Recyclable (90%+ materials) | Toxic (lead-acid), disposable (alkaline) |
How to Choose Between Lithium and Regular Batteries？
Choosing the right battery type depends on your specific application needs. By evaluating key factors such as power requirements, cost, size, weight, safety, and environmental impact, we can help you make a purchasing decision based on your needs.
- Power and Performance Needs: For low-power devices like remote controls, clocks, or smoke alarms, common batteries like alkaline or carbon-zinc batteries are often sufficient because they are affordable and offer sufficient performance for intermittent use. Lithium-ion batteries, on the other hand, excel in high-performance applications like electric vehicles, drones, solar systems, or ships, where their higher energy density and stable voltage output ensure reliable, continuous power delivery.
- Size and Weight Constraints:Lithium-ion batteries feature a lightweight design, compact size, and low weight, making them ideal for space-constrained equipment such as RVs and electric golf carts. For example, Vatrer Battery also offers mini golf cart batteries and narrow-profile lithium-ion batteries for golf carts. Traditional batteries, particularly lead-acid batteries, are heavier and more suitable for stationary applications where weight is less critical, such as car starters or UPS systems.
- Safety Requirements: Lithium batteries have a high energy density and pose a risk of thermal runaway (overheating), so they require careful handling. It's recommended to purchase high-quality lithium batteries equipped with a battery management system (BMS) and compliant with standards such as UL or CE for enhanced safety. Standard batteries, such as alkaline batteries, pose a risk of leakage that could damage household devices, while nickel-cadmium batteries pose an environmental toxicity risk due to their cadmium content. Lead-acid batteries require proper handling to prevent acid leaks.
- Cost and Long-Term Value: Conventional batteries, particularly alkaline and carbon-zinc batteries, have lower initial costs, but their limited cycle life necessitates frequent replacement, making them more suitable for short-term, low-power applications. While lithium batteries have a higher initial cost, their purchase cost is declining as of 2025, and they offer a longer lifespan (2,000-4,000 cycles), minimizing the cost per use over the long term.
- Environmental Impact: More than 90% of the materials in lithium batteries are recyclable. Although the recycling process involves water use and ecosystem issues, it can still effectively reduce waste. Ordinary batteries, especially lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries, have toxic chemical compositions and therefore require more careful handling.
Conclusion
Understanding the differences between lithium-ion batteries and conventional batteries reveals significant differences between the two types. Lithium-ion batteries offer higher energy density, higher efficiency, and a longer lifespan, making them an excellent choice for high-performance applications such as electric vehicles, smartphones, and renewable energy systems. Conventional batteries like alkaline and lead-acid batteries remain suitable for budget-conscious, low-power applications due to their affordability and ease of use. Understanding the differences between lithium-ion batteries and conventional batteries will help you assess your needs and select the optimal power source.
Vatr Battery offers high-quality lithium-ion batteries with industry-standard CE and FCC certifications for a wide range of applications, from RVs and boats to trolling motors, electric golf carts, and home solar systems. Explore Vatrer Battery's 12V, 36V, and 48V lithium-ion battery lineup for a customized power solution tailored to your needs.
